1800s (10)

TREATY WITH THE OTTAWA AND CHIPPEWA, 1855.
July 31, 1855. | 11 Stat., 621. | Ratified April 15, 1856. | Proclaimed Sept. 10, 1856.

Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded at the city of Detroit, in the State of Michigan, this the thirty-first day of July, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, between George W. Manypenny and Henry C. Gilbert, commissioners on the part of the United States, and the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan, parties to the treaty of March 28, 1836.

In view of the existing condition of the Ottowas and Chippewas, and of their legal and equitable claims against the United States, it is agreed between the contracting parties as follows:

ARTICLE 1.

The United States will  withdraw from sale for the benefit of said Indians as hereinafter provided, all the unsold public lands within the State of Michigan embraced in the following descriptions, to wit:

First. For the use of the six bands residing at and near Saulte [sic] Ste. Marie, sections 13, 14, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28, in township 47 north, range 5 west; sections 18, 19, and 30, in township 47 north, range 4 west; sections 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 25, and 26, in township 47 north, range 3 west, and section 29 in township 47 north, range 2 west; sections 2, 3, 4, 11, 14, and 15 in township 47 north, range 2 east, and section 34 in township 48 north, range 2 east; sections 6, 7, 18, 19, 20, 28, 29, and 33 in township 45 north, range 2 east; sections 1. 12, and 13, in township 45 north, range 1 east, and section 4 in township 44 north, range 2 east.

Second. For the use of the bands who wish to reside north of the Straits of Macinac townships 42 north, ranges 1 and 2 west; township 43 north, range 1 west, and township 44 north, range 12 west.

Third. For the Beaver Island Band—High Island, and Garden Island, in Lake Michigan, being fractional townships 38 and 39 north, range 11 west—40 north, range 10 west, and in part 39 north. range 9 and 10 west.

Fourth. For the Cross Village, Middle Village, L'Arbrechroche and Bear Creek bands, and of such Bay du Noc and Beaver Island Indians as may prefer to live with them, townships 34 to 39, inclusive, north, range 5 west—townships 34 to 38, inclusive, north range 6 west—townships 34, 36, and 37 north, range 7 west, and all that part of township 34 north, range 8 west, lying north of Pine River.

Fifth. For the bands who usually assemble for payment at Grand Traverse, townships 29, 30, and 31 north, range 11 west. and townships 29, 30, and 31 north, range 12 west, and the east half of township 29 north, range 9 west.

Sixth. For the Grand River bands, township 12 north, range 15 west, and townships 15, 16, 17 and 18 north, range 16 west.

Seventh. For the Cheboygan band, townships 35 and 36 north, range 3 west.

Eighth. For the Thunder Bay band, section 25 and 36 in township 30 north, range 7 east, and section 22 in township 30 north, range 8 east.

Should either of the bands residing near Sault Ste. Marie determine to locate near the lands owned by the missionary society of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Iroquois Point, in addition to those who now reside there, it is agreed that the United States will purchase as much of said lands for the use of the Indians as the society may be willing to sell at the usual Government price.

The United States will give to each Ottowa and Chippewa Indian being the head of a family, 80 acres of land, and to each single person over twenty-one years of age, 40 acres of land, and to each family of orphan children under twenty-one years of age containing two or more persons, 80 acres of land, and to each single orphan child under twenty-one years of age, 40 acres of land to be selected and located within the several tracts of land hereinbefore described. under the following rules and regulations:

Each Indian entitled to land under this article may make his own   selection of any land within the tract reserved herein for the band to which he may belong—Provided, That in case of two or more Indians claiming the same lot or tract of land, the matter shall be referred to the Indian agent, who shall examine the case and decide between the parties.

For the purpose of determining who may be   entitled to land under the provisions of this article, lists shall be prepared by the Indian agent, which lists shall contain the names of all persons entitled, designating them in four classes. Class 1st, shall contain the names of heads of families; class 2d, the names of single persons over twenty-one years of age; class 3d, the names of orphan children under twenty-one
years of age, comprising families of two or more persons, and class 4th, the names of single orphan children under twenty-one years of age, and no person shall be entered in more than one class. Such lists shall be made and closed by the first day of July, 1856, and thereafter no applications for the benefits of this article will be allowed.

At any time  within five years after the completion of the lists, selections of lands may be made by the persons entitled thereto, and a notice thereof, with a description of the land selected, filed in the office of the Indian agent in Detroit, to be by him transmitted to the Office of Indian Affairs at Washington City.

All sections of land under this article must be made according to the usual subdivisions; and fractional lots, if containing less than 60 acres, may be regarded as forty-acre lots, if over sixty and less than one hundred and twenty acres, as eighty-acre lots. Selections for orphan children may be made by themselves or their friends, subject to the approval of the agent.

After selections are made, as herein provided, the persons entitled to the land may take immediate   possession thereof, and the United States will thenceforth and until the issuing of patents as hereinafter provided, hold the same in trust for such persons, and certificates shall be issued, in a suitable form, guaranteeing and securing to the holders their possession and an ultimate title to the land. But such certificates shall not be assignable and shall contain a clause expressly prohibiting the   sale or transfer by the holder of the land described therein.

After the expiration of ten years, such restriction on the power of sale shall be withdrawn, and a patent shall be issued in the usual form to each original holder of a certificate for the land described therein, Provided That such restriction shall cease only upon the actual issuing of the patent; And provided further That the President may in his discretion at any time in individual cases on the recommendation of the Indian agent when it shall appear prudent and for the welfare of any holder of a certificate, direct a patent to be issued. And provided also, That after the expiration of ten years, if individual cases shall be reported to the President by the Indian agent, of persons who may then be incapable of managing their own affairs from any reason whatever, he may direct the patents in such cases to be withheld, and the restrictions provided by the certificate, continued so long as he may deem necessary and proper.

Should any of the heads of families die before the issuing of the certificates or patents herein   provided for, the same shall issue to the heirs of such deceased persons.

The benefits of this article will be   extended only to those Indians who are at this time actual residents of the State of Michigan, and entitled to participate in the annuities provided by the treaty of March 28, 1836; but this provision shall not be construed to exclude any Indian now belonging to the Garden River band of Sault Ste. Marie.

All the land embraced within the tracts hereinbefore described, that shall not have been appropriated or selected within; five years shall remain the property of the United States, and the same shall thereafter, for the further term of five years, be subject to entry in the usual manner and at the same rate per acre, as other adjacent public lands are then held, by Indians only; and all lands, so purchased by Indians, shall be sold without restriction, and certificates and patents shall be issued for the same in the usual form as in ordinary cases; and all lands remaining unappropriated by or unsold to the Indians after the expiration of the last-mentioned term, may be sold or disposed of by the United States as in the case of all other public lands.

Nothing contained herein shall be so construed as to prevent the appropriation, by sale, gift, or otherwise, by the United States, of any tract or tracts of land within the aforesaid reservations for the location of churches, school-houses, or for other educational purposes, and for such purposes purchases of land may likewise be made from the   Indians, the consent of the President of the United States, having, in every instance, first been obtained therefor.

It is also agreed that any lands within the aforesaid tracts now occupied by actual settlers, or by persons entitled to pre-emption thereon, shall be exempt from the provisions of this article; provided, that such pre-emption claims shall be proved, as prescribed by law, before the 1st day of October next.

Any Indian who may have heretofore purchased land for actual settlement, under the act of Congress known as the Graduation Act, may sell and dispose of the same; and, in such case, no actual occupancy or residence by such Indians on lands so purchased shall be necessary to enable him to secure a title thereto.

In consideration of the benefits derived to the Indians on Grand Traverse Bay by the school and mission established in 1838, and still continued by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, it is agreed that the title to three separate pieces of land, being parts of tracts Nos. 3 and 4, of the west fractional half of section 35, township 30 north, range 10 west, on which are the mission and school buildings and improvements, not exceeding in all sixty-three acres, one hundred and twenty-four perches, shall be vested in the said board on payment of $1.25 per acre; and the President of the United States shall issue a patent for the same to such person as the said board shall appoint.

The United States will also pay the further sum of forty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be applied in liquidation of the present just indebtedness of the said Ottawa and Chippewa Indians; provided, that all claims presented shall be investigated under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, who shall prescribe such rules and regulations for conducting such investigation, and for testing the validity and justness of the claims, as he shall deem suitable and proper; and no claim shall be paid except upon the certificate of the said Secretary that, in his opinion, the same is justly and equitably due; and all claimants, who shall not present their claims within such time as may be limited by said Secretary within six months from the ratification of the treaty, or whose claims, having been presented, shall be disallowed by him, shall be forever precluded from collecting the same, or maintaining an action thereon in any court whatever; and provided, also, that no portion of the money due said Indians for annuities, as herein provided, shall ever be appropriated to pay their debts under any pretence whatever; provided, that the balance of the amount herein allowed, as a just increase of the amount due for the cessions and relinquishments aforesaid, after satisfaction of the awards of the Secretary of the Interior, shall be paid to the said Chippewas or expended for their benefit, in such manner as the Secretary shall prescribe, in aid of any of the objects specified in the second article of this treaty.

ARTICLE 2.

The United States will also pay to the   said Indians the sum of five hundred and thirty-eight thousand and four hundred dollars, in manner following, to wit:

First.  Eighty thousand dollars for educational purposes to be paid in ten equal annual instalments of eight thousand dollars each, which sum shall be expended under the direction of the President of the United States; and in the expenditure of the same, and the appointment of teachers and management of schools, the Indians shall be consulted, and their views and wishes adopted so far as they may be just and reasonable.

Second.  Seventy-five thousand dollars to be paid in five equal annual instalments of fifteen thousand dollars each in agricultural implements and carpenters' tools, household furniture and building materials, cattle,
labor, and all such articles as may be necessary and useful for them in removing to the homes herein provided and getting permanently settled thereon.

Third.  Forty-two thousand and four hundred dollars for the support of four blacksmith-shops for ten years.

Fourth. The sum of  three hundred and six thousand dollars in coin, as follows: ten thousand dollars of the principal, and the interest on the whole of said last-mentioned sum remaining unpaid at the rate of five per cent. annually for ten years, to be distributed per capita in the usual manner for paying annuities. And the sum of two hundred and six thousand dollars remaining unpaid at the expiration of ten years, shall be then due and payable, and if the Indians then require the payment of said sum in coin the same shall be distributed per capita in the same manner as annuities are paid, and in not less than four equal annual instalments.

Fifth. The sum of  thirty-five thousand dollars in ten annual instalments of three thousand and five hundred dollars each, to be paid only to the Grand River Ottawas, which is in lieu of all permanent annuities to which they may be entitled by former treaty stipulations, and which sum shall be distributed in the usual manner per capita.

ARTICLE 3.

The Ottawa and Chippewa Indians hereby release and discharge the United States from all   liability on account of former treaty stipulations, it being distinctly understood and agreed that the grants and payments hereinbefore provided for are in lieu and satisfaction of all claims, legal and equitable on the part of said Indians jointly and severally against the United States, for land, money or other thing guaranteed to said tribes or either of them by the stipulations of any former treaty or treaties; excepting, however, the right of fishing and encampment secured to the Chippewas of Sault Ste. Marie by the treaty of June 16, 1820.

ARTICLE 4.

The  interpreters at Sault Ste. Marie, Mackinac, and for the Grand River Indians, shall be continued, and another provided at Grand Traverse, for the term of five years, and as much longer as the President may deem necessary.

ARTICLE 5.

 The  tribal organization of said Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, except so far as may be necessary for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this agreement, is hereby dissolved; and if at any time hereafter, further negotiations with the United States, in reference to any matters contained herein, should become necessary, no general convention of the Indians shall be called; but such as reside in the vicinity of any usual place of payment, or those only who are immediately interested in the questions involved, may arrange all matters between themselves and the United States, without the concurrence of other portions of their people, and as fully and conclusively, and with the same effect in every respect, as if all were represented.

ARTICLE 6.

This agreement shall be obligatory and  binding on the contracting parties as soon as the same shall be ratified by the President and Senate of the United States.

[ATTESTATIONS & SIGNATURES]

In testimony whereof the said George W. Manypenny and the said Henry C. Gilbert, commissioners as aforesaid, and the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the Ottawas and Chippewas, have hereto set their hands and seals, at the city of Detroit the day and year first above written.

Geo. W. Manypenny, [L.S.]

Henry C. Gilbert, [L. S.]

Commissioners on the part of the United States.

J. Logan Chipman,

Rich'd M. Smith,

Secretaries

Sault Ste. Marie Bands:

O-shaw-waw-no-ke-wain-ze, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Waw-bo-jieg, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Kay-bay-no-din, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

O-maw-no-maw-ne, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Shaw-wan, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Pi-aw-be-daw-sung, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Waw-we-gun, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Pa-ne-gwon, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Bwan, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Taw-meece, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Naw-o-ge-zhick, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Saw-gaw-giew, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Grand River Bands:

Ne-baw-nay-ge-zhick, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Shaw-gwaw-baw-no, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Aish-ke-baw-gosh, 2d chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Nay-waw-goo, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Ne-be-ne-seh, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Waw-be-gay-kake, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Ke-ne-we-ge-zhick, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Men-daw-waw-be, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Maish-ke-aw-she, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Pay-shaw-se-gay, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Pay-baw-me, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Pe-go, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Ching-gwosh, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Shaw-be-quo-ung, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Andrew J. Blackbird, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Ke-sis-swaw-bay, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Naw-te-naish-cum, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Grand Traverse Bands:

Aish-quay-go-nay-be,chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Ah-ko-say, chief, his xmark. [L. S.]

Kay-quay-to-say, chief,his x mark. [L. S.]

O-naw-maw-nince, chief,his x mark. [L. S.]

Shaw-bwaw-sung, chief,his x mark. [L. S.]

Louis Mick-saw-bay,headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

May-dway-aw-she,headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Me-tay-o-meig, chief,his x mark. [L. S.]

Me-naw-quot, headman.his x mark. [L. S.]

Little Traverse Bands:

Waw-so, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Mwaw-ke-we-naw, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Pe-taw-se-gay, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Ke-ne-me-chaw-gun, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

May-tway-on-daw-gaw-she, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Me-ge-se-mong, headman. his x mark. [L. S.]

Pi-a-zhick-way-we-dong, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Key-way-ken-do, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Mackinac Bands:

O-saw-waw-ne-me-ke, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Ke-no-zhay, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Peter Hanse, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Shaw-be-co-shing, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Shaw-bway-way, chief, his x mark. [L. S.]

Pe-ane, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Saw-gaw-naw-quaw-do, headman, his x mark. [L. S.]

Nay-o-ge-maw, chief, (Little Traverse,) his x mark. [L. S.]

Executed in the presence of—

Jno. M. D. Johnston,

John F. Godfroy,

Gbt. Johnston,

Aug. Hamlin,

Interpreters.

L. Campau,

Joseph F. Mursul,

G. D. Williams,

P. B. Barbeau,

A. M. Fitch,

W. H. Godfroy.

We, the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the Chippewa Indians living near Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., having had the amendments adopted by the Senate of the United States to the treaty concluded at Detroit on the 31st day of July, 1855, fully explained to us and being satisfied therewith, do hereby assent to and ratify the same.

In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands this 27th day of June, A. D. 1856.

Pi-aw-be-daw-sung, his x mark.

Te-gose, his x mark.

Saw-gaw-jew, his x mark.

Shaw-ano, his x mark.

Waw-bo-jick, his x mark.

Ray-bay-no-din, his x mark.

Shaw-wan, his x mark.

O-me-no-mee-ne, his x mark.

Pay-ne-gown, his x mark.

Waw-we-gown, his x mark.

Ma-ne-do-scung, his x mark.

Naw-we-ge-zhick, his x mark.

Yaw-mence, his x mark.

Bawn, his x mark.

Signed in presence of—

Ebenzr Warner,

Jno. M. Johnston, United States Indian Interpreter.

Placidus Ord.

We, the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the Ottowa and Chippewa nation, having heard the foregoing amendments read and explained to us by our agent, do hereby assent to and ratify the same.

In witness whereof we have hereto affixed our signatures this 2d day of July, A. D. 1856, at Little Traverse, Mich.

Waw-so, his x mark.

Mwaw-ke-we-naw, his x mark.

Ne-saw-waw-quot, his x mark.

Aw-se-go, his x mark.

Ke-zhe-go-ne, his x mark.

Kain-waw-be-kiss-se, his x mark.

Pe-aine, his x mark.

Pe-taw-se-gay, his x mark.

Ke-ne-me-chaw-gun, his x mark.

May-tway-on-day-gaw-she, his x mark.

Me-ge-se-mong, his x mark.

Key-way-ken-do, his x mark.

Nay-o-ge-maw, his x mark.

In the presence of—

Henry C. Gilbert, Indian Agent,

Aug. Hamlin, Interpreter,

John F. Godfroy, Interpreter,

G. T. Wendell,

A. J. Blackbird.

We, the chiefs and headmen of the Ottowa and Chippewa Indians residing near Grand Traverse Bay, having heard the foregoing amendments adopted by the Senate of the United States to the treaty of July 31, 1855, read, and the same having been fully explained to us by our agent, do hereby assent to and ratify the same.

Done at Northport on Grand Traverse Bay, Mich., this 5th day of July, A. D. 1856.

Aish-quay-go-nay-be, his x mark.

Ah-ko-say, his x mark.

O-naw-mo-neece, his x mark.

Kay-qua-to-say, his x mark.

Peter-waw-ka-zoo, his x mark.

Shaw-bwaw-sung, his x mark.

Louis-mick-saw-bay, his x mark.

In presence of—

H. C. Gilbert, Indian agent,

J. F. Godfroy, interpreter,

Geo. N. Smith,

Peter Dougherty,

Normon Barnes.

We, the undersigned, chiefs and headmen of the Grand River bands of the Ottowa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan having heard the amendments of the Senate to the treaty of the 31st of July, 1855, read, and the same having been fully explained to us, do hereby assent to and ratify the same.

Done at Grand Rapids in the State of Michigan this 31st day of July, A. D. 1856.

Caw-ba-mo-say, his x mark.

Shaw-gwaw-baw-no, his x mark.

Aish-ke-baw-gosh, his x mark.

Waw-be-gay-kake, his x mark.

Ne-ba-ne-seh, his x mark.

Ching-gwosh, his x mark.

Mash-caw, his x mark.

Gaw-ga-gaw-bwa, his x mark.

Note-eno-kay, his x mark.

Ne-baw-nay-ge-zhick, his x mark.

Pay-baw-me, his x mark.

Shaw-be-quo-ung, his x mark.

Men-daw-waw-be, his x mark.

In presence of—

John F. Godfroy, United States interpreter.

TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA, 1836.

May 9, 1836. | 7 Stat., 503. | Proclamation, May 25, 1836.

Articles of a treaty made at Washington in the District of Columbia on the ninth day of May in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, between Henry R. Schoolcraft, commissioner on the part of the United States and the chiefs of the Swan-creek and Black-river bands of the Chippewa nation, residing within the limits of Michigan.
WHEREAS certain reservations of land were made to the said bands of Indians in the treaty concluded at Detroit on the 17th of November 1807, and these reservations after having been duly located, under the authority of the Government, have remained in their possession and occupancy to the present time: and whereas the said Indians actuated by considerations affecting their permanent improvement and happiness, are desirous of fixing their residence at some point more favorable to these objects, and have expressed their wishes to dispose of the same and authorized their chiefs to proceed to Washington for the purpose of making the necessary arrangement: It is therefore, after mature deliberation on their part, agreed as follows.

ARTICLE 1.
The Swan-creek and Black-river bands of Chippewas cede to the United States the following tracts, namely:
One tract of three miles square, or five thousand seven hundred and sixty acres on Swan-creek of Lake St. Clair: One tract of one section and three quarters near Salt creek of said lake: One tract of one-fourth of a section at the mouth of the river Au Vaseau contiguous to the preceding cession: and one tract of two sections near the mouth of Black-river of the river St. Clair, estimated to contain, in the aggregate, eight thousand three hundred and twenty acres, be the same more or less.

ARTICLE 2.
In consideration of the foregoing cessions, the United States agree to pay to the said Indians the net proceeds of the sale thereof, after deducting the cost of survey and sale and the contingent expenses attending the treaty. The lands shall be surveyed and offered for sale in the usual manner, at the land office in Detroit, as soon as practicable after the ratification of this treaty. A special account shall be kept at the Treasury of the amount of the sales of the said lands, and after deducting therefrom the sums hereafter stipulated, to be advanced by the United States, ten thousand dollars shall be retained by the Treasury, and shall be paid to the said Indians in annuities of one thousand dollars a year for ten years; and the residue of the fund shall be vested by the Secretary of the Treasury in the purchase of some State stock, the interest of which shall be annually paid to the said Indians like other annuities: Provided, That if at any time hereafter the said Indians shall desire to have the said stock sold, and the proceeds paid over to them, the same may be done, if the President and Senate consent thereto.

ARTICLE 3.
The United States will advance to said Indians on the ratification of this treaty, to be deducted from the avails of the lands, the sum of two thousand five hundred dollars, and also goods to the value of four thousand dollars to be purchased in New York and delivered in bulk, at their expense, to the proper chiefs at Detroit, or at such point on Lake St. Clair as the chiefs may request: together with the expenses of the treaty, the journeys of the Indians to and from Washington and their subsistence and other expenses at the seat of Government.

ARTICLE 4.
The United States will furnish the said Indians, eight thousand three hundred and twenty acres or thirteen sections of land, west of the Mississippi or northwest of St. Anthony's Falls, to be located by an agent or officer of the Government, and the evidence of such location shall be delivered to the chiefs.

In testimony whereof, the said Henry R. Schoolcraft, commissioner as aforesaid, and the undersigned chiefs of the said bands of Chippewas, have hereunto set their hands, at Washington, the seat of Government, the day and year above expressed.

Henry R. Schoolcraft,

Esh-ton-o-quot, or clear sky, his x mark,

Nay-gee-zhig, or driving clouds, his x mark,

May-zin, or checkered, his x mark,

Kee-way-gee-zhig, or returning sky, his x mark,

In presence of—

Samuel Humes Porter, secretary,

Stevens T. Mason, governor of Michigan,

Lucius Lyon,

John Holliday, interpreter,

Joseph F. Murray,

George Moran.

Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904, pp. 461-462.

Treaty of Greenville 1795

WYANDOTS, DELAWARES, ETC.
[concluded August 3, 1795]
A treaty of peace between the United States of America, and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatimas, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias.

To put an end to a destructive war, to settle all controversies, and to restore harmony and friendly intercourse between the said United States and Indian tribes, Anthony Wayne, major general commanding the army of the United States, and sole commissioner for the good purposes above mentioned, and the said tribes of Indians, by their sachems, chiefs, and warriors, met together at Greenville, the head quarters of the said army, have agreed on the following articles, which, when ratified by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, shall be binding on them and the said Indian tribes.

Art. 1:
Henceforth all hostilities shall cease; peace is hereby established, and shall be perpetual; and a friendly intercourse shall take place between the said United States and Indian tribes.

Art. 2:
All prisoners shall, on both sides, be restored. The Indians, prisoners to the United States, shall be immediately set at liberty. The people of the United States, still remaining prisoners among the Indians, shall be delivered up in ninety days from the date hereof, to the general or commanding officer at Greenville, Fort Wayne, or Fort Defiance; and ten chiefs of the said tribes shall remain at Greenville as hostages, until the delivery of the prisoners shall be effected.

Art. 3:
The general boundary line between the lands of the United States and the lands of the said Indian tribes, shall begin at the mouth of Cayahoga river, and run thence up the same to the portage, between that and the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum, thence down that branch to the crossing place above fort Lawrence, thence westerly to a fork of that branch of the Great Miami river, running into the Ohio, at or near which fork stood Loromie's store, and where commences the portage between the Miami of the Ohio, and St. Mary's river, which is a branch of the Miami which runs into lake Erie; thence a westerly course to fort Recovery, which stands on a branch of the Wabash; thence southwesterly in a direct line to the Ohio, so as to intersect that river opposite the mouth of Kentucke or Cuttawa river. And in consideration of the peace now established; of the goods formerly received from the United States; of those now to be delivered; and of the yearly delivery of goods now stipulated to be made hereafter; and to indemnify the United States for the injuries and expenses they have sustained during the war, the said Indian tribes do hereby cede and relinquish forever, all their claims to the lands lying eastwardly and southwardly of the general boundary line now described: and these lands, or any part of them, shall never hereafter be made a cause or pretence, on the part of the said tribes, or any of them, of war or injury to the United States, or any of the people thereof.

And for the same considerations, and as an evidence of the returning friendship of the said Indian tribes, of their confidence in the United States, and desire to provide for their accommodations, and for that convenient intercourse which will be beneficial to both parties, the said Indian tribes do also cede to the United States the following pieces of land, to wit:

1)One piece of land six miles square, at or near Loromie's store, before mentioned.

2) One piece two miles square, at the head of the navigable water or landing, on the St. Mary's river, near Girty's town.

3) One piece six miles square, at the head of the navigable water of the Auglaize river.

4) One piece six miles square, at the confluence of the Auglaize and Miami rivers, where Fort Defiance now stands.

5) One piece six miles square, at or near the confluence of the rivers St. Mary's and St. Joseph's, where Fort Wayne now stands, or near it.

6) One piece two miles square, on the Wabash river, at the end of the portage from the Miami of the lake, and about eight miles westward from Fort Wayne.

7) One piece six miles square, at the Ouatanon, or Old Wea towns, on the Wabash river.

8) One piece twelve miles square, at the British fort on the Miami of the lake, at the foot of the rapids.

9) One piece six miles square, at the mouth of the said river, where it empties into the lake.

10) One piece six miles square, upon Sandusky lake, where a fort formerly stood.

11) One piece two miles square, at the lower rapids of Sandusky river.

12) The post of Detroit, and all the land to the north, the west and the south of it, of which the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or grants to the French or English governments: and so much more land to be annexed to the district of Detroit, as shall be comprehended between the river Rosine, on the south, lake St. Clair on the north, and a line, the general course whereof shall be six miles distant from the west end of lake Erie and Detroit river.

13) The post of Michilimackinac, and all the land on the island on which that post stands, and the main land adjacent, of which the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or grants to the Frewnch [sic] or English governments; and a piece of land on the main to the north of the island, to measure six miles, on lake Huron, or the strait between lakes Huron and Michigan, and to extend three miles back from the water of the lake or strait; and also, the Island De Bois Blanc, being an extra and voluntary gift of the Chippewa nation.

14) One piece of land six miles square, at the mouth of Chikago river, emptying into the southwest end of lake Michigan, where a fort formerly stood.

15)One piece twelve miles square, at or near the mouth of the Illinois river, emptying into the Mississippi.

16) One piece six miles square, at the old Piorias fort and village near the south end of the Illinois lake, on said Illinois river. And whenever the United States shall think proper to survey and mark the boundaries of the lands hereby ceded to them, they shall give timely notice thereof to the said tribes of Indians, that they may appoint some of their wise chiefs to attend and see that the lines are run according to the terms of this treaty.

And the said Indian tribes will allow to the people of the United States a free passage by land and by water, as one and the other shall be found convenient, through their country, along the chain of posts hereinbefore mentioned; that is to say, from the commencement of the portage aforesaid, at or near Loromie's store, thence along said portage to the St. Mary's, and down the same to fort Wayne, and then down the Miami, to lake Erie; again, from the commencement of the portage at or near Loromie's store along the portage from thence to the river Auglaize, and down the same to its junction with the Miami at fort Defiance; again, from the commencement of the portage aforesaid, to Sandusky river, and down the same to Sandusky bay and lake Erie, and from Sandusky to the post which shall be taken at or near the foot of
the Rapids of the Miami of the lake; and from thence to Detroit. Again, from the mouth of Chikago, to the commencement of the portage, between that river and the Illinois, and down the Illinois river to the Mississippi; also, from fort Wayne, along the portage aforesaid, which leads to the Wabash, and then down the Wabash to the Ohio. And the said Indian tribes will also allow to the people of the United States, the free use of the harbors and mouths of rivers along the lakes adjoining the Indian lands, for sheltering vessels and boats, and liberty to land their cargoes where necessary for their safety.

Art. 4:
In consideration of the peace now established, and of the cessions and relinquishments of lands made in the preceding article by the said tribes of Indians, and to manifest the liberality of the United States, as the great means of rendering this peace strong and perpetual, the United States relinquish their claims to all other Indian lands northward of the river Ohio, eastward of the Mississippi, and westward and southward of the Great Lakes and the waters, uniting them, according to the boundary line agreed on by the United States and the King of Great Britain, in the treaty of peace made between them in the year 1783. But from this relinquishment by the United States, the following tracts of land are explicitly excepted:

1st. The tract on one hundred and fifty thousand acres near the rapids of the river Ohio, which has been assigned to General Clark, for the use of himself and his warriors.

2nd. The post of St. Vincennes, on the River Wabash, and the lands adjacent, of which the Indian title has been extinguished.

3rd. The lands at all other places in possession of the French people and other white settlers among them, of which the Indian title has been extinguished as mentioned in the 3d article; and

4th. The post of fort Massac towards the mouth of the Ohio. To which several parcels of land so excepted, the said tribes relinquish all the title and claim which they or any of them may have.

And for the same considerations and with the same views as above mentioned, the United States now deliver to the said Indian tribes a quantity of goods to the value of twenty thousand dollars, the receipt whereof they do hereby acknowledge; and henceforward every year, forever, the United States will deliver, at some convenient place northward of the river Ohio, like useful goods, suited to the circumstances of the Indians, of the value of nine thousand five hundred dollars; reckoning that value at the first cost of the goods in the city or place in the United States where they shall be procured. The tribes to which those goods are to be annually delivered, and the proportions in which they are to be delivered, are the following:

1st. To the Wyandots, the amount of one thousand dollars.

2nd. To the Delawares, the amount of one thousand dollars.

3rd. To the Shawanees, the amount of one thousand dollars.

4th. To the Miamis, the amount of one thousand dollars.

5th. To the Ottawas, the amount of one thousand dollars.

6th. To the Chippewas, the amount of one thousand dollars.

7th.To the Pattawatimas, the amount of one thousand dollars, and

8th. To the Kickapoo, Wea, Eel River, Piankeshaw, and Kaskaskia tribes, the amount of five hundred dollars each.

Provided, that if either of the said tribes shall hereafter, at an annual delivery of their share of the goods aforesaid, desire that a part of their annuity should be furnished in domestic animals, implements of husbandry, and other utensils convenient for them, and in compensation to useful artificers who may reside with or near them, and be employed for their benefit, the same shall, at the subsequent annual deliveries, be furnished accordingly.
Art. 5:
To prevent any misunderstanding about the Indian lands relinquished by the United States in the fourth article, it is now explicitly declared, that the meaning of that relinquishment is this:
the Indian tribes who have a right to those lands, are quietly to enjoy them, hunting, planting, and dwelling thereon, so long as they please, without any molestation from the United States; but when those tribes, or any of them, shall be disposed to sell their lands, or any part of them, they are to be sold only to the United States; and until such sale, the United States will protect all the said Indian tribes in the quiet enjoyment of their lands against all citizens of the United States, and against all other white persons who intrude upon the same. And the said Indian tribes again acknowledge themselves to be under the protection of the said United States, and no other power whatever.
Art. 6:
If any citizen of the United States, or any other white person or persons, shall presume to settle upon the lands now relinquished by the United States, such citizen or other person shall be out of the protection of the United States; and the Indian tribe, on whose land the settlement shall be made, may drive off the settler, or punish him in such manner as they shall think fit; and because such settlements, made without the consent of the United States, will be injurious to them as well as to the Indians, the United States shall be at liberty to break them up, and remove and punish the settlers as they shall
think proper, and so effect that protection of the Indian lands herein before stipulated.
Art. 7:
The said tribes of Indians, parties to this treaty, shall be at liberty to hunt within the territory and lands which they have now ceded to the United States, without hindrance or molestation, so long as they demean themselves peaceably, and offer no injury to the people of the United States.
Art. 8:
Trade shall be opened with the said Indian tribes; and they do hereby respectively engage to afford protection to such persons, with their property, as shall be duly licensed to reside among them for the purpose of trade; and to their agents and servants; but no person shall be permitted to reside among them for the purpose of trade; and to their agents and servants; but no person shall be permitted to reside at any of their towns or hunting camps, as a trader, who is not furnished with a license for that purpose, under the hand and seal of the superintendent of the department northwest of the Ohio, or such\ other person as the President of the United States shall authorize to
grant such licenses; to the end, that the said Indians may not be imposed on in their trade.* And if any licensed trader shall abuse his privilege by unfair dealing, upon complaint and proof thereof, his license shall be taken from him, and he shall be further punished according to the laws of the United States. And if any person shall intrude himself as a trader, without such license, the said Indians shall take and bring him before the superintendent, or his deputy, to be dealt with according to law. And to prevent impositions by forged
licenses, the said Indians shall, at lease once a year, give information to the superintendent, or his deputies, on the names of the traders residing among them.
Art. 9:
Lest the firm peace and friendship now established, should be interrupted by the misconduct of individuals, the United States, and the said Indian tribes agree, that for injuries done by individuals on either side, no private revenge or retaliation shall take place; but instead thereof, complaint shall be made by the party injured, to the other: by the said Indian tribes or any of them, to the President of the United States, or the superintendent by him appointed; and by the superintendent or other person appointed by the President, to the
principal chiefs of the said Indian tribes, or of the tribe to which the offender belongs; and such prudent measures shall then be taken as shall be necessary to preserve the said peace and friendship unbroken, until the legislature (or great council) of the United States, shall make other equitable provision in the case, to the satisfaction of both parties. Should any Indian tribes meditate a war against the United States, or either of them, and the same shall come to the knowledge of the before mentioned tribes, or either of them, they do hereby engage to give immediate notice thereof to the general, or officer commanding the troops of the United States, at the nearest post.
And should any tribe, with hostile intentions against the United States, or either of them, attempt to pass through their country, they will endeavor to prevent the same, and in like manner give information of such attempt, to the general, or officer commanding, as soon as possible, that all causes of mistrust and suspicion may be avoided between them and the United States. In like manner, the United States shall give notice to the said Indian tribes
of any harm that may be meditated against them, or either of them, that shall come to their knowledge; and do all in their power to hinder and prevent the same, that the friendship between them may be uninterrupted.
Art. 10:
All other treaties heretofore made between the United States, and the said Indian tribes, or any of them, since the treaty of 1783, between the United States and Great Britain, that come within the purview of this treaty, shall henceforth cease and become void.
In testimony whereof, the said Anthony Wayne, and the sachems and war chiefs of the before mentioned nations and tribes of Indians, have hereunto set their hands and affixed their seals.

Done at Greenville, in the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio, on the third day of August, one thousand seven hundred and ninety five.

WYANDOTS.
Tarhe, or Crane, his x mark L.S. J. Williams, jun. his x mark, L.S. Teyyaghtaw, his x mark, L.S. Haroenyou, or half king's son, his x mark, L.S. Tehaawtorens, his x mark, L.S. Awmeyeeray, his x mark, L.S. Stayetah, his x mark L.S. Shateyyaronyah, or Leather Lips, his x mark, L.S. Daughshuttayah, his x mark L.S. Shaawrunthe, his x mark L.S.
DELAWARES.
Tetabokshke, or Grand Glaize King, his x mark, L.S. Lemantanquis, or Black King, his x mark, L.S. Wabatthoe, his x mark, L.S. Maghpiway, or Red Feather, his x mark, L.S. Kikthawenund, or Anderson, his x mark, L.S. Bukongehelas, his x mark, L.S. Peekeelund, his x mark, L.S. Wellebawkeelund, his x mark, L.S. Peekeetelemund, or Thomas Adams, his x mark, L.S. Kishkopekund, or Captain Buffalo, his x mark, L.S. Amenahehan, or Captain Crow, his x mark, L.S. Queshawksey, or George Washington, his x mark, L.S. Weywinquis, or Billy Siscomb, his x mark, L.S. Moses, his x mark, L.S.
SHAWANEES.
Misquacoonacaw, or Red Pole, his x mark, L.S. Cutthewekasaw, or Black Hoof, his x mark, L.S. Kaysewaesekah, his x mark, L.S. Weythapamattha, his x mark, L.S. Nianysmeka, his x mark, L.S. Waytheah, or Long Shanks, his x mark, L.S. Weyapiersenwaw, or Blue Jacket, his x mark, L.S. Nequetaughaw, his x mark, L.S. Hahgoosekaw, or Captain Reed, his x mark, L.S.
OTTAWAS.
Augooshaway, his x mark, L.S. Keenoshameek, his x mark, L.S. La Malice, his x mark, L.S. Machiwetah, his x mark, L.S. Thowonawa, his x mark, L.S. Secaw, his x mark, L.S.

CHIPPEWAS.
Mashipinashiwish, or Bad Bird, his x mark, L.S. Nahshogashe, (from Lake Superior), his x mark, L.S. Kathawasung, his x mark, L.S. Masass, his x mark, L.S. Nemekass, or Little Thunder, his x mark, L.S. Peshawkay, or Young Ox, his x mark, L.S. Nanguey, his x mark, L.S. Meenedohgeesogh, his x mark, L.S. Peewanshemenogh, his x mark, L.S. Weymegwas, his x mark, L.S. Gobmaatick, his x mark, L.S.
OTTAWA.
Chegonickska, an Ottawa from Sandusky, his x mark, L.S.
PATTAWATIMAS OF THE RIVER ST. JOSEPH.
Thupenebu, his x mark, L.S. Nawac, for himself and brother Etsimethe, his x mark, L.S. Nenanseka, his x mark, L.S. Keesass, or Run, his x mark, L.S. Kabamasaw, for himself and brother Chisaugan, his x mark, L.S. Sugganunk, his x mark, L.S. Wapmeme, or White Pigeon, his x mark, L.S. Wacheness, for himself and brother Pedagoshok, his x mark, L.S. Wabshicawnaw, his x mark, L.S. La Chasse, his x mark, L.S. Meshegethenogh, for himself and brother, Wawasek, his x mark, L.S. Hingoswash, his x mark, L.S. Anewasaw, his x mark, L.S. Nawbudgh, his x mark, L.S. Missenogomaw, his x mark, L.S. Waweegshe, his x mark, L.S. Thawme, or Le Blanc, his x mark, L.S. Geeque, for himself and brother Shewinse, his x mark, L.S.
PATTAWATIMAS OF HURON.
Okia, his x mark, L.S. Chamung, his x mark, L.S. Segagewan, his x mark, L.S. Nanawme, for himself and brother A. Gin, his x mark, L.S. Marchand, his x mark, L.S. Wenameac, his x mark, L.S.
MIAMIS.
Nagohquangogh, or Le Gris, his x mark, L.S. Meshekunnoghquoh, or Little Turtle, his x mark, L.S.
MIAMIS AND EEL RIVERS.
Peejeewa, or Richard Ville, his x mark, L.S. Cochkepoghtogh, his x mark, L.S.
EEL RIVER TRIBE.
Shamekunnesa, or Soldier, his x mark, L.S.
MIAMIS.

Wapamangwa, or the White Loon, his x mark, L.S.
WEAS, FOR THEMSELVES AND THE PIANKESHAWS.
Amacunsa, or Little Beaver, his x mark, L.S. Acoolatha, or Little Fox, his x mark, L.S. Francis, his x mark, L.S.
KICKAPOOS AND KASKASKIAS.
Keeawhah, his x mark, L.S. Nemighka, or Josey Renard, his x mark, L.S. Paikeekanogh, his x mark, L.S.
DELAWARES OF SANDUSKY.
Hawkinpumiska, his x mark, L.S. Peyamawksey, his x mark, L.S. Reyntueco, (of the Six Nations, living at Sandusky), his x mark, L.S.
H. De Butts, first A.D.C. and Sec'ry to Major Gen. Wayne, Wm. H. Harrison, Aid de Camp to Major Gen. Wayne, T. Lewis, Aid de Camp to Major Gen. Wayne, James O'Hara, Quartermaster Gen'l. John Mills, Major of Infantry, and Adj. Gen'l. Caleb Swan, P.M.T.U.S. Gen. Demter, Lieut. Artillery, Vigo, P. Frs. La Fontaine, Ast. Lasselle, Sworn interpreters. H. Lasselle, Wm. Wells, Js. Beau Bien, Jacques Lasselle, David Jones, Chaplain U.S.S. M. Morins, Lewis Beaufait, Bt. Sans Crainte, R. Lachambre, Christopher Miller, Jas. Pepen, Robert Wilson, Baties Coutien, Abraham Williams, his x mark P. Navarre. Isaac Zane, his x mark

Source:
Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties, Vol II. (Treaties)
Compiled and Edited By Charles J. Kappler LL. M., Clerk to the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, Washington, DC : Government Printing Office, 1904
compiled with © 1996 The Avalon Project, Yale Law School.

Pebon & Seegwun (Winter & Spring) A Chippewa Allegory No. 1 December 1826

An old man was sitting alone in his lodge, by the side of a frozen stream. It was the close of winters, & his fire was almost out. He appeared very old, and very desolate. His locks were white with age, and he trembled at every joint. Day after day he sat in solitude, & he heard nothing but the sounds of the tempest, sweeping before it, the new fallen snow.
One say as his fire was just dying, a handsome young man approached & entered his dwelling. His cheeks were red with the blood of youth, his eyes sparkled with animation, and a smile played upon his lips. He walked with a light & quick step. His forehead was bound round with a wreath of sweet grass, in the place of a warrior’s frontlet, and he carried a bunch of flowers in his hand.
“Ah, my son,” said the old man, “I am happy to see you. Come in. Come, tell me of your adventures, and what strange lands you have been to see. Let us pass the night together. I will tell you of my powers & exploits, and what I can perform. You shall do the same. And we will amuse ourselves.”
He then drew from his sack a curiously wrought antique pipe, and having filled it with tobacco, rendered mild by an admixture of leaves, handed it to his guest. When this ceremony was concluded, they began to speak.
“I blow my breath,” said the old man, “And the streams stand still. The water becomes stiff & hard as clear stone.” “I breathe,” said the young man, “and flowers spring up, all over the plains.”
“I shake my locks,” retorted the old man, “And snow covers the land. Te leaves fall from the trees at my command & my breath blows them away. The birds get up from the water, & fly to a distant land. The animals hide themselves from by breath, and the very ground becomes as hard as flint.”
“I shake my ringlets,” rejoined the young man, “And warm showers of soft rain fall upon the earth. The plants life up their heads out of the earth, like the eyes of children first opening in the morning. My voice recalls the birds. The warmth of my breath unlocks the stream. Music fills the groves, wherever I walk, and all nature rejoices.”
At length the sun began to rise. A gentle warmth came over the place. The tongue of the old man became silent. The robin and bluebird again to sing on the top of the lodge. The stream began to murmur by the door, and the fragrance of growing herbs & flowers came softly on the vernal breeze.
Daylight fully revealed to the young man the character of his entertainer. When he looked upon him, he has the white visage of ice of Peboan. Streams began to flow from his eyes. As the sun increased he gradually grew less & less in stature, and soon had melted completely away. Nothing remained on the place of his lodge fire but the miskodeed a small white flower, with a pink border, which is one of the earliest species in the northern Spring.

A poem written by Rosa.

Ah! why should I at fortune's lot repine,
Or fret myself against the will divine?
All men must go to death's deform'd embrace,
When here below they've run their destin'd race;
Oh! then on Thee, my Savior, I will trust,
For thou art good, as merciful and just,-
In Thee, with my whole heart I will confide,
And hope with Thee, forever to abide.
To Thee, my God, my heart & soul I raise,
And still thy holy, holy name I'll praise!
O! design to give me wisdom, virtue, grace,
That I thy heavenly will may ever trace;
Teach me each duty always to fulfill,
And grant me resignation to Thy will,
And when Thy goodness wills that I should die,
This dream of life I'll leave without a sigh.

Treaty of 1855. July 31,
By the mid 19th century, relocating the northern tribes was no longer a priority. Now it was a matter of creating reservations on which they would live. These reservations were already outlined in the treaty of 1836, but were much smaller. Each head of family could choose eighty acres from the reserved land, and single persons over 21 years of age could choose 40 acres. After five years of selecting their land, the Odawa and Ojibwe had an additional 5 years to purchase land from the remaining reserves, after which they would be returned to the public market. Although this treaty released the United States from all obligations from former treaties, it still maintained that ownership of the fishery at the rapids (although it had been destroyed for the construction of the Sault Locks) and access to encampment were fully active rights. The chiefs signed the treaty representing people on the lower coast of Lake Superior from Grand Island to Drummond Island.

August 2,
Two days after the first singing of the 1855 treaty, the Ojibwe and Odawa chiefs were asked to sign it again. They later admitted that they thought it was simply a duplicate of the one signed on the 31st. Indeed it was the same in all respects but one... it took away "the right of fishing and encampment secured to the Chippewa of Sault Ste. Marie by the Treaty of June 16, 1820." Within two days they had been guaranteed access to their homes on the rapids, then had them revoked. George Manypenny, who pioneered the allotment process, had the hopes that local Natives would become self sufficient farmers and wouldn't need access to their fishing grounds. But the poor soil and extremely short growing season were barriers no farmer could overcome. Then when the time came for allotment, it was discovered that much of the desired land had been taken by land speculators when they heard that the treaty was to be signed. Moreover, the multitudes of workers at the Sault Locks were promised their choice of land if they finished building the locks in two years; sure enough, the goal was met and they chose much of the land along the river where they resided while working at the Sault. In the end, there was not enough land for the six bands that were included in the land allotments. Chiefs Shawan (who was removed at gunpoint from his cabin on Whitefish Island, and was present when they set fire to it to make way for the locks) and Oshawwano collected annuities from their people to buy and secure land for their tribe since the allotment process was a train wreck at the time. They were accused of 'nonpayment of taxes' on the purchased land and it was reclaimed and sold to settlers. It became a struggle to secure any significant piece of real estate, which produced the 'checkerboard' reservation that still exists today. The government aided by buying 528 acres from the Methodist church at Point Iroquois, which became the staple for Bay Mills Indian Community. Shawan, still without a place for his people, and who was thrown out of his own home by gunpoint then watched as it was torched, approached the local chiefs of Bay Mills for help and ended up being adopted into the tribe at the Point Iroquois settlement.

Troubled by the heavy drinking and gambling that dominated social life at the Fort Brady garrison in what is now Sault Ste. Marie, in December of 1826 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft formed a local reading society. The society was comprised of officers from Ft. Brady, local government agents, and Schoolcraft’s friends from both sides of the border.
Producing each issue by hand, Schoolcraft published 15 issues of a “frontier journal” called Literary Voyager during the winter of 1826-1827 that he read aloud to the group before circulation to members. Several issues are lost despite decades of searching. First given by his widow to the Smithsonian Institution in 1878 as part of his extensive archives, existing issues of the Literary Voyager were transferred to the Library of Congress in 1897.

As part of a broader effort by Michigan State University begun in the 1950s to republish Schoolcraft’s major works, Philip P. Mason directed the transcription of the Literary Voyager and edited the issues into a single volume with an extensive set of annotated footnotes.

Philip P. Mason, Schoolcraft’s Ojibwe Lodge Stories: Life on the Lake Superior Frontier, (Michigan State University Press: East Lansing, 1997).

(This description authored by Trond E. Jacobsen from material presented by Mason, 1997)

In the years preceding the treaty of 1836, traders in the area pushed for the sale of Indian land by lending their goods to Indians to put them in their debt. With the furs and pelts industry through the floor, the only access to sufficient funds was from selling their land. A group of Odawas went to Washington in 1836 with a proposal to sell Manitou and Drummond Islands, along with a piece of the Upper Peninsula. Lewis Cass (Former Michigan governor, who at this point is the Secretary of War and naturally in charge of Indian affairs) seized the opportunity and appointed Henry Schoolcraft to round up an Indian delegation to sign over the land. Schoolcraft got his brother in laws Waishkey and Keewyzi to donate their signature, although they were not even from the area being sold. Local chiefs were livid that they had no say in the treaty specifications. When all was said and done over half of modern day Michigan had been negotiated away. The traders that had put the Indians in debt stepped forward to collect on their payments, and with no paperwork to verify the amount, they often claimed enormous sums of money that exceeded the amount allotted to the tribes.

Brass copper trade kettle used to boil maple sap into maple syrup.